Laws of robotics:-

Laws of Robotics are a set of laws, rules, or principles, which are intended as a fundamental framework to underpin the behavior of robots designed to have a degree of autonomy. Robots of this degree of complexity do not yet exist, but they have been widely anticipated in science fiction, films and are a topic of active research and development in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence.

Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics:

The best known set of laws are Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics". These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although they were foreshadowed in a few earlier stories.

1.            A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

2.            A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

3.            A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

EPRSC / AHRC principles of robotics

In 2011, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPRSC) and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) of Great Britain jointly published a set of five ethical "principles for designers, builders and users of robots" in the real world, along with seven "high-level messages" intended to be conveyed, based on a September 2010 research workshop.

*Robots should not be designed solely or primarily to kill or harm humans.

*Humans, not robots, are responsible agents. Robots are tools designed to achieve human goals.

*Robots should be designed in ways that assure their safety and security.

*Robots are artifacts; they should not be designed to exploit vulnerable users by evoking an emotional response or dependency. It should always be possible to tell a robot from a human.

*It should always be possible to find out who is legally responsible for a robot.

*The messages intended to be conveyed were:

*We believe robots have the potential to provide immense positive impact to society. We want to encourage responsible robot research.

*Bad practice hurts us all.

*Addressing obvious public concerns will help us all make progress.

*It is important to demonstrate that we, as roboticists, are committed to the best possible standards of practice.

*To understand the context and consequences of our research, we should work with experts from other disciplines, including: social sciences, law, philosophy and the arts.

*We should consider the ethics of transparency: are there limits to what should be openly available?

*When we see erroneous accounts in the press, we commit to take the time to contact the reporting journalists.

AIonAI (artificial intelligence-on-artificial intelligence) Law:-

In 2013 Hutan Ashrafian at Imperial College London, proposed an additional law that considered the role of artificial intelligence-on-artificial intelligence or the relationship between robots themselves – the so-called AIonAI law. This law states:

All robots endowed with comparable human reason and conscience should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Why Asimov's Three Laws Of Robotics Can't Protect Us:-

As late as 1981, Asimov himself believed that they could actually work. Writing in Compute!, he noted that,

I have my answer ready whenever someone asks me if I think that my Three Laws of Robotics will actually be used to govern the behavior of robots, once they become versatile and flexible enough to able to choose among different courses of behavior. My answer is, "Yes, the Three Laws are the only way in which rational human beings can deal with robots — or with anything else.

The History of Robotics

Learn about some of the fascinating moments that have helped define the history of robotics. This timeline features a number of historic events of the past as well as recent developments that have helped shape the world of robots and technology in general. Read about advances in artificial intelligence, changes in industrial robotics, research into robotic arms used in car manufacturing, mars rovers and much more. Follow the history of robotics from its humble but visionary beginnings right through to the complex robots of today. These robots tie together a range of interrelated areas such as computing, philosophy and engineering into increasingly impressive feats of human achievement.

320 BC Greek philosopher Aristotle made this famous quote: “If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord, could do the work that befits it... then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords.”
1495 Around 1495 Leonardo da Vinci sketched plans for a humanoid robot.
1700 - 1900 Between 1700 and 1900 a number of life-sized automatons were created including a famous mechanical duck made by Jacques de Vaucanson that could crane its neck, flap its wings and even swallow food.
1913 Henry Ford installs the world’s first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory. A Model T can be assembled in 93 minutes.
1920 Karel Capek coins the word ‘robot’ to describe machines that resemble humans in his play called Rossums Universal Robots. The play was about a society that became enslaved by the robots that once served them. This idea is now a common theme in popular culture, ie Frankenstein, Terminator, The Matrix etc.
1932 The first true robot toy was produced in Japan. The ‘Lilliput’ was a wind-up toy which walked. It was made from tinplate and stood just 15cm tall.
1937 Alan Turing releases his paper “On Computable Numbers” which begins the computer revolution.
1941 Legendary science fiction writer Isaac Asimov writes the short story ‘Liar!’ in which he describes the Three Laws of Robotics. His stories were recompiled into the volume “I, Robot” in 1950 – later reproduced as a movie starring Will Smith. Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
1950 Alan Turing proposes a test to determine if a machine truly has the power to think for itself. To pass the test a machine must be indistinguishable from a human during conversation. It has become known as the ‘Turing Test’.
1954 George Devol and Joe Engleberger design the first programmable robot ‘arm’. This later became the first industrial robot, completing dangerous and repetitive tasks on an assembly line at General Motors (1962).
1957 The Soviet Union launches ‘Sputnik’, the first artificial orbiting satellite. This marks the beginning of the space race.
1964 The IBM 360 becomes the first computer to be mass-produced.
1968 Stanley Kubrick makes Arthur C. Clark's, 2001: A Space Odyssey into a movie. It features HAL, an onboard computer that develops a mind of its own.
1969 The U.S. successfully use the latest in computing, robotic and space technology to land Neil Armstrong on the moon.
1977 The first Star Wars movie is released. George Lucas‘s movie inspires a new generation of researchers through his image of a human future shared with robots such as the now famous R2-D2 and C-3PO.
1986 The first LEGO based educational products are put on the market and Honda launches a project to build a walking humanoid robot.
1994 Carnegie Universities eight-legged walking robot, Dante ll, successfully descends into Mt Spur to collect volcanic gas samples.
1997 On May 11, a computer built by IBM known as Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov. The first Robocup tournament is held in Japan. The goal of Robocup is to have a fully automated team of robots beat the worlds best soccer team by the year 2050.
1998 LEGO launches its first Robotics Inventions System.
1999 Sony releases the first version of AIBO, a robotic dog with the ability to learn, entertain and communicate with its owner. More advanced versions have followed.
2000 Honda debuts ASIMO, the next generation in its series of humanoid robots.
2004 Epsom release the smallest known robot, standing 7cm high and weighing just 10 grams. The robot helicopter is intended to be used as a ‘flying camera’ during natural disasters.
2005 Researchers at Cornell University build the first self-replicating robot. Each ‘robot’ is made up of a small tower of computerized cubes which link together through the use of magnets.
2008 After being first introduced in 2002, the popular Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner has sold over 2.5 million units, proving that there is a strong demand for this type of domestic robotic technology.

What Does The Future Hold For Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing

Cloud computing has been called the future of not only hosting, but also the way we compute. It has transformed the way many businesses operate since it makes applications and technology more accessible. Most importantly, cloud computing helped many businesses with all the great tools and technology that were only available to enterprises that had a ton of money. Even if you don't know what cloud computing is, chances are that you could be using it without your knowledge on a day-to-day basis. Do you use Gmail, or Dropbox, or Google Drive, or iCloud, or any of the millions of websites that run on a cloud server? You are just enjoying all the benefits of cloud computing without your conscience. There had been a lot of advances in cloud computing in the past several years that, one needs to think about the capabilities of this technology. Here we speculate how cloud computing is going to evolve and how it is going to affect the future.

• Hosting

Businesses and individuals are moving their websites and online applications and services to the cloud for a number of reasons. Cloud hosting is extremely cost effective, reduces capital cost for startups, is easily scalable, improves accessibility, quickly deployed, etc. Traditional shared hosting is still the reigning champion of websites for individuals and small businesses. However, things are changing really fast. 81% of the 60% of the enterprises that are already utilizing cloud have reportedly saved money by migrating to the cloud. It is estimated that end-users will spend more than 180 billion U.S. dollars on cloud services before the end of 2015. Cloud hosting is not only attracting large businesses, casual bloggers and small business owners are turning to cloud. Traditional shared hosting providers are also providing cloud hosting services nowadays. Quite recently, the popular Australian web hosting, EZI hosting started providing cloud hosting service. Some of the top players in the U.S. like, HostGator and JustHost also jumped on the bandwagon only recently. There is a stiff competition among, U.S., European and Australian website hosting companies and we can expect the prices to go down. If the trend continues, cloud hosting will soon completely replace traditional shared hosting.

• Public Cloud

Private cloud is preferred for enterprise applications and to run apps like, CRMs, and ERPs. HCRM, etc., but public cloud is going to grow really fast compared to private cloud. Private cloud although has a lot of advantages and perks of cloud technology, they are still more like using traditional services. With public cloud, people and companies don't have to sign contracts, use shared hardware to reduce cost (utility model), yet don't have to trade-off reliability. Large corporates and enterprises will use private cloud for compliance requirements and security, but as more and more individuals and small businesses migrate to the cloud, we speculate public cloud to grow leaps and bounds compared to private.

• Hard Drive

If you are using some of the top e-mail providers, or social networking services, you could already have a lot of your data on the cloud. You probably have more data on the cloud compared to the hard drive on your computer. This raises an interesting question. Can the cloud actually replace the hard drive? The answer is yes and no. To start with, you can't run a computer with a storage device – one needs an hard disk to store the operating system and other supporting files to run a computer. However, since most of the tasks one performs on the computer is accomplished using a web browser, most of the data could be easily moved to cloud and accessed with the Internet since our mobile devices and computers are tethered to the world wide web 24x7. Furthermore, keeping all you data on the cloud makes it easy for you to access it from different devices, and keep it safe. Or at least one needs to have a copy of all the most important files on the cloud since data loss is just a hard disk crash away. The closest thing we can get to using a computer without relying a lot on a hard drive for storage is the Chromebook. It is a personal computer by Google In., that runs on the Chrome OS. Most of the applications run on the browser with the power of the Internet and all the data is stored safely in the cloud. Most of the models not only come with a physical hard drive, but also a cloud storage of 100 GB to 1 TB of Google Drive.

• Hardware revolution

With the advancement in cloud computing, the cost of hardware will fall. Low power and low cost processors are expected to be used in data centers to cut cost without affecting the quality of service. Low power ARM chips can be quite economical and also be eco-friendly. Some experts also predict that these low cost hardware for servers might look like sleds that could be swapped out and swapped in with ease.

- See more at: http://www.buildyourbestcloud.com/463/what-does-future-hold-cloud-computing#sthash.Yot2ws42.dpuf

HOW to creating your first WEB PAGE

Creating your first web page:-

---

Using the primary HTML tags, mentioned in Chapter 3, you are now ready to create your first Web page.
Step 1 Open up a text editor (SimpleText for Mac or Notepad for Windows)

Step 2 Enter the following:
<html>
<head>
<title> This is my first web page</title>
</head>
<body>
Hello world. This is my first web page. There's more to come.
</body>
</html>

Step 3 Save the document as: firstpage.html
Your file can be saved as either an htm or html file. Remember to save your document on the computer in a place that you can find it again.


Step 4 To preview your new document, open internet explorer. On the tool bar (located up near the top of the browser):

Select File menu.
Select Open Page
A dialogue box appears. Select Browse..

Go to where you saved your file, click on it. This will bring you back to the dialogue box, which should now be showing your file.

Click Open

Step 5 If all went as planned, your file should look like this in your browser.

Congratulations!

You have successfully completed your first web page. It actually doesn’t get any harder than this for your simple, everyday page.

Let’s continue to build on this same page by adding more tags discussed in the following pages.....

How to start with HTML??

 Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, colour, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages.

What is HTML anyway?

---

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Developed by scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is the "hidden" code that helps us communicate with others on the World Wide Web (WWW).
When writing HTML, you add "tags" to the text in order to create the structure. These tags tell the browser how to display the text or graphics in the document. 

HTML Example

A small HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <title>Page Title</title>
</head>

<body>

  <h1>My First Heading</h1>

  <p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Try it Yourself »

Example Explained

• The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type to be HTML
• The text between <html> and </html> describes an HTML document
• The text between <head> and </head> provides information about the document
• The text between <title> and </title> provides a title for the document
• The text between <body> and </body> describes the visible page content
• The text between <h1> and </h1> describes a heading
• The text between <p> and </p> describes paragraph

Using this description, a web browser can display a document with a heading and a paragraph.

---

HTML Tags

HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets:

<tagname>content</tagname>

• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a slash before the tag name

	The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

---

Web Browsers

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them.

The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:

---

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

<html>

<head>

<title>Page title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

	Only the <body> area (the white area) is displayed by the browser.

---

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration helps the browser to display a web page correctly.

There are different document types on the web.

To display a document correctly, the browser must know both type and version.

The doctype declaration is not case sensitive. All cases are acceptable:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<!doctype html>

<!Doctype Html>

---

Common Declarations

HTML5

<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML 4.01

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

XHTML 1.0

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

	All tutorials and examples at W3Schools use HTML5.

---

HTML Versions

Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:

Version	Year
HTML	1991
HTML 2.0	1995
HTML 3.2	1997
HTML 4.01	1999
XHTML	2000
HTML5	2012

Windows: Try Notepad++

Programmers love text editors, so they keep making new ones. There are hundreds of free text editors out there, not to mention the ones you could pay for.
However, I'll make this easy. If you're on Windows, try Notepad++. Notepad++ is free and open source, and it's very easy.
Just save a new file with an .html extension, and Notepad++ will turn on syntax highlighting.
You can always try a different editor later. You almost certainly will. But Notepad++ will get you started.

Download Notepad++.

Agricultural Drones

Relatively cheap drones with advanced sensors and imaging capabilities are giving farmers new ways to increase yields and reduce crop damage.

Breakthrough:-

Easy-to-use ­agricultural drones equipped with ­cameras, for less than $1,000.

Why It Matters:-

Close monitoring of crops could improve water use and pest management.

Key Players:-

·          3D Robotics

·         Yamaha

·         PrecisionHawk

Advantages of agricultural drones:-

1. They can save lives. In natural and manmade disasters, UAS can be positioned to survey damage, locate stranded and injured victims, and assess ongoing threats without risking the safety of rescue teams and first-responders.
 

2. They can support law enforcement. UAS can be used to search for lost children, provide tactical surveillance and suspect tracking, assist in accident investigations, and monitor large crowds.

3. They can contribute to safe infrastructure maintenance and management. Consider the difficulty of inspecting the underside of a bridge or the top of a skyscraper, not to mention the costs and risks. With UAS, scaffolding, cranes, or harnesses are not required. Just deploy the system to assess the structure's condition remotely.

4. They can streamline agriculture management. Using a crop management system to observe, measure, and respond to variability in individual plants, farmers can target areas requiring attention. By pinpointing these areas, farmers can provide care only where needed—improving yield, conserving resources, and avoiding waste.

5. They can give media access to hard-to-reach places. Aerial photography for a news broadcast or a blockbuster film can be efficiently, economically, and safely captured by a UAS.

Client versions

In this section, a client version of Windows is a version that can be purchased and installed on personal computers (desktop computers, laptops and workstations) or purchased with these computers.

Name	Release date	Release version number	Editions
Windows 10	TBA	NT 10.0[1]	TBA
Windows 8.1	18 October 2013	NT 6.3	Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Enterprise
Windows 8	26 October 2012	NT 6.2	Windows 8 Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise See Windows 8 editions
Windows 7	22 October 2009	NT 6.1	Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Professional Windows 7 Enterprise Windows 7 Ultimate Windows Thin PC See Windows 7 editions
Windows Vista	30 January 2007	NT 6.0	Windows Vista Home Premium Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Ultimate See Windows Vista editions
Windows XP Professional x64	25 April 2005	NT 5.2	N/A
Windows XP	25 October 2001	NT 5.1	Windows XP Starter Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional Windows XP 64-bit Edition Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (8 July 2006) See Windows XP editions
Windows ME	14 September 2000	4.90	N/A
Windows 2000	17 February 2000	NT 5.0	Professional
Windows 98	25 June 1998	4.10	Windows 98 Windows 98 Second Edition (23 April 1999)
Windows NT 4.0	24 August 1996	NT 4.0	Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Windows 95	24 August 1995	4.00	Windows 95 Windows 95 SP1 (31 December 1995) Windows 95 OSR1 (14 February 1996) Windows 95 OSR2 (24 August 1996) Windows 95 USB Supplement to OSR2 (27 August 1997) Windows 95 OSR2.1 (27 August 1997) Windows 95 OSR2.5 (26 November 1997)
Windows NT 3.51	30 May 1995	NT 3.51	Windows NT 3.51 Workstation
Windows NT 3.5	21 September 1994	NT 3.50	Windows NT 3.5 Workstation
Windows 3.2	22 November 1993	3.2	Simplified Chinese only
Windows for Workgroups 3.11	November 1993	3.11	N/A
Windows NT 3.1	27 July 1993	NT 3.10	Windows NT 3.1
Windows 3.1	April 1992	3.10	Windows 3.1 Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (October 1992)
Windows 3.0	22 May 1990	3.00	N/A
Windows 2.11	13 March 1989	2.11	Windows/286 Windows/386
Windows 2.10	27 May 1988	2.10	Windows/286 Windows/386
Windows 2.0	9 December 1987	2.0	N/A
Windows 1.04	April 1987	1.04	N/A
Windows 1.03	August 1986	1.03	N/A
Windows 1.01	20 November 1985	1.01	N/A

Date	Title	Architecture
20 November 1985	Windows 1.0	x86 – 16-bit
9 December 1987	Windows 2.0	x86 – 16-bit
27 May 1988	Windows 2.10	x86 – 16-bit
13 March 1989	Windows 2.11	x86 – 16-bit
22 May 1990	Windows 3.0	x86 – 16-bit
20 October 1991	Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions	x86 – 16-bit
6 April 1992	Windows 3.1	x86 – 16-bit
27 October 1992	Windows for Workgroups 3.1	x86 – 16-bit
27 July 1993	Windows NT 3.1	IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS
8 November 1993	Windows for Workgroups 3.11	x86 – 16-bit
21 September 1994	Windows NT 3.5	IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS
30 May 1995	Windows NT 3.51	IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
24 August 1995	Windows 95	IA-32
24 August 1996	Windows NT 4.0	IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
25 June 1998	Windows 98	IA-32
5 May 1999	Windows 98 SE	IA-32
17 February 2000	Windows 2000	IA-32
14 September 2000	Windows ME	IA-32
25 October 2001	Windows XP	IA-32
25 October 2001[1]	Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (v2002)	Itanium
31 October 2002	Windows XP Media Center Edition	IA-32
28 March 2003[2]	Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (v2003)	Itanium
24 April 2003	Windows Server 2003	IA-32, x64, Itanium
30 September 2003	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004	IA-32
12 October 2004	Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005	IA-32
25 April 2005	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	x64
6 December 2005	Windows Server 2003 R2	IA-32, x64, Itanium
8 July 2006	Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs	IA-32
8 November 2006	Windows Vista for Business use	IA-32, x64
30 January 2007	Windows Vista for Home use; released in fifty countries	IA-32, x64
7 November 2007	Windows Home Server	IA-32, x64
27 February 2008	Windows Server 2008	IA-32, x64
22 July 2009[3]	Windows 7	IA-32, x64
22 October 2009	Windows Server 2008 R2	x64
6 April 2011	Windows Home Server 2011	x64
4 September 2012	Windows Server 2012	x64
26 October 2012	Windows 8	IA-32, x64
26 October 2012	Windows RT	ARM
18 October 2013	Windows 8.1	IA-32, x64
18 October 2013	Windows RT 8.1	ARM
18 October 2013	Windows Server 2012 R2	x64
21 January 2015	Windows 10	x64